Explore composable code

Let's examine closely the sample composable created by the Kotlin Multiplatform wizard. First, there is the composable App() function that implements the common UI and can be used on all platforms. Second, there is the platform-specific code that launches this UI on each platform.

Implementing composable functions

In the composeApp/src/commonMain/kotlin/App.kt file, take a look at the App() function:

@Composable
@Preview
fun App() {
    MaterialTheme {
        var showContent by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
        Column(Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally) {
            Button(onClick = { showContent = !showContent }) {
                Text("Click me!")
            }
            AnimatedVisibility(showContent) {
                val greeting = remember { Greeting().greet() }
                Column(Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally) {
                    Image(painterResource(Res.drawable.compose_multiplatform), null)
                    Text("Compose: $greeting")
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

The App() function is a regular Kotlin function annotated with @Composable. These kinds of functions are referred to as composable functions or just composables. They are the building blocks of a UI based on Compose Multiplatform.

A composable function has the following general structure:

The MaterialTheme sets the look of the application. The default settings can be customized. For example, you can choose colors, shapes, and typography.
The Column composable controls the layout of the application. Here, it displays a Button above the AnimatedVisibility composable.
The Button contains the Text composable, which renders some text.
The AnimatedVisibility shows and hides the Image using an animation.
The painterResource loads a vector icon stored in an XML resource.

The horizontalAlignment parameter of the Column centers its content. But for this to have any effect, the column should take up the full width of its container. This is achieved using the modifier parameter.

Modifiers are a key component of Compose Multiplatform. This is a primary mechanism you use to adjust the appearance or behavior of composables in the UI. Modifiers are created using methods of the Modifier type. When you chain these methods, each call can change the Modifier returned from the previous call, making the order significant. See the JetPack Compose documentation for more details.

Managing the state

The final aspect of the sample composable is how the state is managed. The showContent property in the App composable is built using the mutableStateOf() function, which means it's a state object that can be observed:

var showContent by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }

The state object is wrapped in a call to the remember() function, meaning that it's built once and then retained by the framework. By executing this, you create a property whose value is a state object containing a boolean. The framework caches this state object, allowing composables to observe it.

When the value of the state changes, any composables that observe it are re-invoked. This allows any of the widgets they produce to be redrawn. This is called a recomposition.

In your application, the only place where the state is changed is in the click event of the button. The onClick event handler flips the value of the showContent property. As a result, the image gets shown or hidden because the parent AnimatedVisibility composable observes showContent.

Launching UI on different platforms

The App() function execution is different for each platform. On Android, it's managed by an activity; on iOS, by a view controller; on the desktop, by a window; and on the web, by a container. Let's examine each of them.

On Android

For Android, open the MainActivity.kt file in composeApp/src/androidMain/kotlin:

class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        setContent {
            App()
        }
    }
}

This is an Android activity called MainActivity that invokes the App composable.

On iOS

For iOS, open the MainViewController.kt file in composeApp/src/iosMain/kotlin:

fun MainViewController() = ComposeUIViewController { App() }

This is a view controller that performs the same role as an activity on Android. Notice that both the iOS and Android types simply invoke the App composable.

On desktop

For desktop, look at the main() function in composeApp/src/desktopMain/kotlin:

fun main() = application {
    Window(onCloseRequest = ::exitApplication, title = "ComposeDemo") {
        App()
    }
}

Here, the application() function launches a new desktop application.
This function takes a lambda, where you initialize the UI. Typically, you create a Window and specify properties and instructions that dictate how the program should react when the window is closed. In this case, the whole application shuts down.
Inside this window, you can place your content. As with Android and iOS, the only content is the App() function.

Currently, the App function doesn't declare any parameters. In a larger application, you typically pass parameters to platform-specific dependencies. These dependencies could be created by hand or using a dependency injection library.

On web

In the composeApp/src/wasmJsMain/kotlin/main.kt file, take a look at the main() function:

@OptIn(ExperimentalComposeUiApi::class)
fun main() {
    ComposeViewport(document.body!!) { App() }
}

The @OptIn(ExperimentalComposeUiApi::class) annotation tells the compiler that you are using an API marked as experimental and may change in future releases.
The ComposeViewport() function sets up the Compose environment for the application.
The web app is inserted into the container specified as a parameter for the ComposeViewport function. In the example, the entire document's body works as the container.
The App() function is responsible for building the UI components of your application using Jetpack Compose.

Next step

In the next part of the tutorial, you'll add a dependency to the project and modify the user interface.

Proceed to the next part

Get help

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Last modified: 11 November 2024